Abstract: The mining of ion-adsorption rare earth resources will cause negative externalities regardless of in-situ leaching or heap leaching process under the current technical conditions. By analyzing the manifestations, the controllability and observability of negative externalities during the mining of ion-adsorption rare earth resources based on modern control theory, the conclusions are drawn as follows:①The controllability of the negative externalities of ion-adsorption rare earth resources mined by in-situ leaching process will be more difficult than that by heap leaching process; ②The observability of the negative externalities of ion-adsorption rare earth resources mined by heap leaching process will be easier than by in-situ leaching process. In addition, it is recommended to further optimize in-situ leaching and heap leaching processes, and then systematically compare the two processes from the perspective of the whole process of resource mining and the controllability and observability of the negative externalities, and clarify various leaching processes applicable conditions.