Abstract: In order to improve the damping performance of aluminum alloys used in rail transit components for meeting the requirements of vibration reduction and noise control, this study employed a laminated heterogeneous composite approach, utilizing vacuum hot pressing and cold rolling to prepare 5083Al/SUS405 laminated composites. The effects of cold rolling reduction ratios on the microstructure and properties of the composites were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, universal testing machines, and dynamic mechanical thermal analyzers. The results showed that as the cold rolling reduction rate increased, the interface between 5083Al and SUS405 gradually changed from a flat state to a wavy structure, eventually leading to necking and fracture in the SUS405 layer. Compared to the 5083Al, the tensile strengths of the hot-pressed composites and those with a 50% cold rolling reduction increased by 28% and 45%, respectively, while the elongation of the hot-pressed composites improved by 46%. When the cold rolling reduction ratio reached 75%, both tensile strength and elongation decreased. The damping performance of the hot-pressed composites was superior to that of the cold-rolled state and 5083Al across the entire strain amplitude range. In the cold-rolled composites, when the strain amplitude exceeded the second critical strain (microplastic deformation stage), the damping increased rapidly with strain amplitude, surpassing that of 5083Al.